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Монографии
Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering. Applications and Management. Volume II
Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering. Applications and Management. Volume II [846]
Автор(ы): Mohammed M. Ettouney, Sreenivas Alampalli
Издательство: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
Количество страниц: 666
Год: 2012
Аннотация[299 КБ] 
Код: 10113
Описание
There is a purpose for building infrastructure, and infrastructure owners are responsible for ensuring that the purpose is served while achieving maximum benefit at minimal costs. Taking appropriate and timely actions requires a good understanding of the infrastructure - its current and expected condition. This volume and its companion, Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering: Theory and Components (CRC Press, 2012), are dedicated to discussions of these aspects (see Figure 0.1). The companion volume focuses on an overview of Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (IHCE) and associated theories, followed by a description of its four components: measurement, structural identification, damage identification, and decision making. Decision making is a unique feature and is introduced with the argument that any project that does not integrate decision making (or Cost-Benefit) ideas in all its tasks cannot be successful. This volume builds upon the ideas presented in the companion volume and deals with the application of IHCE and asset management.
Содержание
Preface
Acknowledgments
Autors
Chapter 1. Srour
1. 1.1 Introduction
1.1. 1.1.1 Floods and Scour
1.2. 1.1.2 Special Nature of Scour
1.3. 1.1.3 This Chapter
2. 1.2 Types and Causes of Scour
2.1. 1.2.1 Scales of Scour Effects
2.2. 1.2.2 Material Response to Scour: Chemical Gel versus Physical Gel
2.3. 1.2.3 Local Scour at Piers of Abutments
2.4. 1.2.4 Scour from Pressure Flow
2.5. 1.2.5 Contraction Scour
2.6. 1.2.6 Aggradations and Degradation
2.7. 1.2.7 Shifting of Stream
3. 1.3 Scour Mitigation Measures
3.1. 1.3.1 Mitigation of Scour: General
3.2. 1.3.2 Improvements of Soil Conditions
3.3. 1.3.3 Structural Improvements
3.4. 1.3.4 Site Improvements
3.5. 1.3.5 SHM and Scour Mitigation Measures
4. 1.4 Bridge Health and Scour
4.1. 1.4.1 Inspecting a Bridge for Scour
4.2. 1.4.2 Scour Sensing
4.3. 1.4.3 Structural Identification
4.4. 1.4.4 Damage Detection
4.5. 1.4.5 Brittle Behavior Technique
5. 1.5 Case Studies
5.1. 1.5.1 Pneumatic Scour Detection System
5.2. 1.5.2 Scour and STRID Methodologies
5.3. 1.5.3 Scour Monitoring by Fixed Sonar
5.4. 1.5.4 Scour Detection by Moving Sonar
6. 1.6 Bridge Life Cycle Analysis and Scour Effects
6.1. 1.6.1 NCHRP Methods
6.2. 1.6.2 Generalized Scour Bridge Life Cycle Analysis
7. 1.7 Decision Making SCOUR
7.1. 1.7.1 Decision Making Case Study: To Retrofit or Not to Retrofit?
7.2. 1.7.2 Decision Making Case Study: Risk-Based Method
8. 1.8 Management Strategies for Scour Hazard
8.1. 1.8.1 General
8.2. 1.8.2 Gradual (Ductile) Effects
8.3. 1.8.3 Sudden (Brittle Fracture-Like) Effects
8.4. 1.8.4 Sudden (Fatigue-Like) Effects
8.5. 1.8.5 Application to Other Hazards
9. 1.9 Appendix: NBI System
10. References
Chapter 2 Earthquakes
1. 2.1 Introduction
1.1. 2.1.1 Overview
1.2. 2.1.2 Categorizations of Earthquake Issues
1.3. 2.1.3 Organization of This Chapter
2. 2.2 Bridge Components and Seismic Hazards
2.1. 2.2.1 General
2.2. 2.2.2 Overall Geometry
2.3. 2.2.3 Bearings
2.4. 2.2.4 Expansion/Moving Joints
2.5. 2.2.5 Piers: Columns and Bents
2.6. 2.2.6 Abutments
2.7. 2.2.7 Foundations and Soil Conditions
2.8. 2.2.8 Shear Keys
2.9. 2.2.9 Superstructure
3. 2.3 SHM Components and Seismic Hazards
3.1. 2.3.1 General
3.2. 2.3.2 Visual Inspection and Earthquake Hazard
3.3. 2.3.3 Sensors and Instrumentation
3.4. 2.3.4 Structural Identification/Modeling
3.5. 2.3.5 Damage Detection
4. 2.4. Case Studies
4.1. 2.4.1 General
4.2. 2.4.2. Laser Vibrometer during and after Seismic Events
4.3. 2.4.3 After Seismic Event Detection by Acoustic Emission
4.4. 2.4.4 Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge
4.5. 2.4.5 Vincent Thomas Bridge
5. 2.5 Desicion Making and Earthquake Hazard
5.1. 2.5.1 General
5.2. 2.5.2 Example: Seismic Vulnerability Rating
5.3. 2.5.3 Before-Event Decision Making Case Study: Damage Trends
5.4. 2.5.4 During- and Immediately After-Event Decision Making Case Study: Risk Management
5.5. 2.5.5 After-Event Decision Making Case Study: Prioritization of Retrofits within Bridge Network
6. 2.6. General Engineering Paradigms, Earthquakes, and Structural Health
6.1. 2.6.1 General
6.2. 2.6.2 Methods of Risk-Based Earthquake Assessments of Bridgea
6.3. 2.6.3 Performance-Based Design
7. 2.7 Resilience of Infrastructures
7.1. 2.7.1 Overview
7.2. 2.7.2 Resiliency of Bridges
7.3. 2.7.3 Components of Resiliency
7.4. 2.7.4 Seismic Resiliency of a Single Bridge
7.5. 2.7.5 Resiliency and LCA
7.6. 2.7.6 Resiliency and Risk
7.7. 2.7.7 Uncertainty of Resiliency
8. 2.8 LCA and Earthquake Hazards
8.1. 2.8.1 Bridge Life Cycle Cost Analysis (BLCCA): Cost
8.2. 2.8.2 Bridge Life Cycle Benefit Analysis (BLCBA): Benefits
8.3. 2.8.3 Bridge Life Span Analysis (BLSA): Lifespan
9. References
Chapter 3 Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures
1. 3.1 Introduction
1.1. 3.1.1 This Chapter
2. 3.2 Corrosion: The Problem
2.1. 3.2.1 Causes of Corrosion
2.2. 3.2.2 Corrosion, Structural Components, and Health Experiments
3. 3.3 Corrosion Monitoring
3.1. 3.3.1 Laboratory Testing
3.2. 3.3.2 Popular Methods of Field Monitoring
3.3. 3.3.3 SHM Role and Field Monitoring
3.4. 3.3.4 Advanced Monitoring of Corrosion
4. 3.4 Corrosion Mitigation Methods
4.1. 3.4.1 General
4.2. 3.4.2 New Construction
4.3. 3.4.3 Concrete Replacement/Patching
4.4. 3.4.4 Concrete Spraying/Encasement
4.5. 3.4.5 Corrosion Inhibitors
4.6. 3.4.6 Surface Barriers
4.7. 3.4.7 Cathodic Protection
4.8. 3.4.8 Chloride Control
5. 3.5 STRID and Corrosion Hazard
5.1. 3.5.1 General
5.2. 3.5.2 Local Corrosion STRID
5.3. 3.5.3 Global Corrosion STRID
6. 3.6 Decision Making and Corrosion Hazard
6.1. 3.6.1 Decision Making: Surface Barriers
6.2. 3.6.2 Decision Making: Cathodic Protection
7. 3.7 Case Studies
7.1. 3.7.1 SHM of Advanced Bridge and Materials Concepts
7.2. 3.7.2 Congress Street Bridge
8. 3.8 Bridge Life Cycle Analysis and Corrosion Monitoring
8.1. 3.8.1 General
8.2. 3.8.2 Extension of Service Life after Corrosion Mitigation
8.3. 3.8.3 Method and Examples
9. 3.9 Appendix: Chloride Diffusion and Corrosion Initiation
10. References
Chapter 4 Prestressed Concrete Bridges
1. 4.1 Introduction
1.1. 4.1.1 Challenges
1.2. 4.1.2 Problem Definition
1.3. 4.1.3 This Chapter
2. 4.2 Anatomy of PSC Bridges
2.1. 4.2.1 Components of PSC Bridges
2.2. 4.2.2 Construction Techniques
2.3. 4.2.3 PSC-Specific SHM
3. 4.3 Damage to PSC Bridges
3.1. 4.3.1 General
3.2. 4.3.2 Corrosion
3.3. 4.3.3 Loss of Tendon Force
3.4. 4.3.4 Durability
3.5. 4.3.5 Posttensioning Details
3.6. 4.3.6 Impact
3.7. 4.3.7 Signs of Damage
3.8. 4.3.8 Deterioration of Systems: A Generic Damage?
4. 4.4 Structural Identification
4.1. 4.4.1 Governing Equations of PT-PS Systems
4.2. 4.4.2 Conventional Structural Modeling of PT-PS Systems
4.3. 4.4.3 STRID Modeling of PT-PS Systems
4.4. 4.4.4 Load Testing
5. 4.5 Damage Detection
5.1. 4.5.1 PSC-Specific DMID Attributes
5.2. 4.5.2 DMID Methods
5.3. 4.5.3 Other Methods
6. 4.6 Decision Making
6.1. 4.6.1 Cost of Failure Uncertainty
7. 4.7 Case Studies
7.1. 4.7.1 Overview
7.2. 4.7.2 Case Study: Monitoring Voids in Bonded PTS System
7.3. 4.7.3 High-Strength Suspension Cables
7.4. 4.7.4 Thermal Imaging
8. 4.8 LCA of PT-PS Systems
8.1. 4.8.1 General
8.2. 4.8.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)
8.3. 4.8.3 Example
8.4. 4.8.4 Considerations of Uncertainties
9. References
Chapter 5 Fatigue
1. 5.1 Introduction
1.1. 5.1.1 General
1.2. 5.1.2 Overview of Fatigue Detection Methods
1.3. 5.1.3 This Chapter
2. 5.2 NDT Treatment of Fatigue
2.1. 5.2.1 Overview of Methods
3. 5.3 SHM Treatment of Fatigue
3.1. 5.3.1 Overview
3.2. 5.3.2 Factors Affecting Fatigue
3.3. 5.3.3 Stress-Cycle Count
3.4. 5.3.4 NDT Applications
4. 5.4 Virtual Sensing Paradigm
4.1. 5.4.1 Fatigue and Genral Sensing
4.2. 5.4.2 General Need for Virtual Sensing
4.3. 5.4.3 Theoretical Background
4.4. 5.4.4 Step-by-Step Guide to VSP
4.5. 5.4.5 Case Studies
5. 5.5 Step-by-Step Approach for Remaining Fatigue Life
6. 5.6 Dynamic and Fatigue Analysis of a Truss Bridge with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Deck
7. 5.7 Estimating Fatigue Life of Bridge Components Using Measured Strains: Practical Application
7.1. 5.7.1 Introduction
7.2. 5.7.2 Patroon Island Bridge Structure
7.3. 5.7.3 Detail Identification
7.4. 5.7.4 Field Testing and Analysis
7.5. 5.7.5 Fatigue Life Evaluation
7.6. 5.7.6 Conclusions
8. 5.8 BLCA and Fatugue
8.1. 5.8.1 Overview
8.2. 5.8.2 Bridge Life Cycle Cost Analysis
8.3. 5.8.3 Bridge Life Benefit Analysis
8.4. 5.8.4 Bridge Lifespan Analysis
9. 5.9 Dirilik Rainflow Empirical Solution
10. References
Chapter 6 Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bridge Decks
1. 6.1 Introduction
1.1. 6.1.1 This Chapter
2. 6.2 The Advent of FRP Bridge Decks
2.1. 6.2.1 General
2.2. 6.2.2 FRP Material Properties
2.3. 6.2.3 Anatomy of an FRP Bridge Deck
2.4. 6.2.4 Manufacturing Techniques and Problems
2.5. 6.2.5 Issues Related to Structural Health
2.6. 6.2.6 FHWA Guidelines and SHM
3. 6.3. Health of FRP Bridge Deck
3.1. 6.3.1 General
3.2. 6.3.2 Health Issues of FRP Bridge Decks
3.3. 6.3.3 Repair of FRP Bridge Decks: A Case Study
3.4. 6.3.4 Structural Modeling
3.5. 6.3.5 Damage Detection
4. 6.4 Decision Making and FRP Bridge Decks
4.1. 6.4.1 Decision Making
4.2. 6.4.2 Decision Making Case Study: Reliability of Single Sample (Use of NDT Methods)
4.3. 6.4.3 Lack of QC Values
4.4. 6.4.4 Desicion Making Case Study: QC Issue
4.5. 6.4.5 Decision Making Case Study: Continued Monitoring
5. 6.5 Case Studies
5.1. 6.5.1 Rte 248-Bennetts Creek Bridge
5.2. 6.5.2 Bentley Creek Bridge
6. 6.6 LCA for FRP Bridge Decks
6.1. 6.6.1 Principle of New Materials LCA
6.2. 6.6.2 LCA Model for New Materials
7. References
Chapter 7 Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Wrapping
1. 7.1 Introduction
1.1. 7.1.1 Overview
1.2. 7.1.2 Seismic Retrofits
1.3. 7.1.3 This Chapter
2. 7.2 Physical and Theoretical Background
2.1. 7.2.1 General
2.2. 7.2.2 Basic Mechanics
2.3. 7.2.3 Sources of Damage
2.4. 7.2.4 FRP-Wrapping Damage Limit States
3. 7.3 NDT Methods for FRP Wrapping
3.1. 7.3.1 General
3.2. 7.3.2 Main NDT Methods for FRP Wrapping
3.3. 7.3.3 Other NDT Methods
4. 7.4 Application
4.1. 7.4.1 Strengthening
4.2. 7.4.2 Maintenance
4.3. 7.4.3 Seismic Applications
4.4. 7.4.4 Aerodynamic Flow
4.5. 7.4.5 Overhead Sign Structures
4.6. 7.4.6 Culvert Relining
4.7. 7.4.7 SHM and Different FRP Applications
5. 7.5 East Church Street Bridge
6. 7.6 Troy Bridge
7. 7.7 Congress Street Bridge
8. 7.8 Guide to SHM Usage in FRP Wrapping
8.1. 7.8.1 Global Structural Performance
8.2. 7.8.2 Local Structural Performance
8.3. 7.8.3 Design
8.4. 7.8.4 Instalation
8.5. 7.8.5 Inspection
8.6. 7.8.6 Maintenance
9. 7.9 Decision Making Example: When to Retrofit with FRP Wrapping?
10. 7.10 LCA of FRP Wrapping
10.1. 7.10.1 General
10.2. 7.10.2 Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of FRP Wrappin g
10.3. 7.10.3 Life Cycle Benefit Analysis (LCBA) of FRP Wrapping
10.4. 7.10.4 Lifespan Analysis (LSA) of FRP Wrapping
10.5. 7.10.5 Summary
11. 7.11 Sources of Damage in FRP Laminates
12. References
Chapter 8 Load Testing
1. 8.1 Introduction
1.1. 8.1.1 This Chapter
2. 8.2 General Considerations for Load Testing
2.1. 8.2.1 Goals of Load Tests
2.2. 8.2.2 Typical Load Tests
3. 8.3 Categories of Load Tests
3.1. 8.3.1 General
3.2. 8.3.2 Loads during Tests
3.3. 8.3.3 Diagnostics Load Tests
3.4. 8.3.4 Proof Load Tests
3.5. 8.3.5 Influence Lines
3.6. 8.3.6 Brittle Failure Tests (Monitoring)
4. 8.4 Sensors, Instrumentations, Hardware, and Software
4.1. 8.4.1 General
4.2. 8.4.2 Type of Measurements
4.3. 8.4.3 Sensors
4.4. 8.4.4 Instrumentation
4.5. 8.4.5 Software
4.6. 8.4.6 Applications
5. 8.5 STRID in Load Testing
5.1. 8.5.1 General
5.2. 8.5.2 Load Rating and Bridge Load Testing
5.3. 8.5.3 Quantifying Bridge Behavior
5.4. 8.5.4 Proof Testing
6. 8.6 Damage Identification in Load Testing
6.1. 8.6.1 Expected Damage during Proof and Diagnostic Testing
6.2. 8.6.2 Types of Potential Damage - Ductile Behavior
6.3. 8.6.3 Types of Potential Damage - Brittle Behavior
7. 8.7 Decision Making in Load Testing
7.1. 8.7.1 General
7.2. 8.7.2 Case Study: Taylor Series and Probabilistic Evaluation of Bridge Rating
7.3. 8.7.3 Value of Load Testing
7.4. 8.7.4 Cost-Benefit of Proof Load Testing
8. 8.8 Cost, Benefit, and LCA of Bridge Load Test
8.1. 8.8.1 General
8.2. 8.8.2 Cost-Benefit Model for Load Tests
8.3. 8.8.3 LCA and Load Tests
8.4. 8.8.4 Extending Lifespan as a Result of Load Test
9. 8.9 Monitoring and Load Testing og Court Street Bridge
9.1. 8.9.1 Introduction
9.2. 8.9.2 Instrumentation and Load Test Plans
9.3. 8.9.3 Monitoring Results and Dead-Load Analysis
9.4. 8.9.4 Dead-Load Analysis
9.5. 8.9.5 Live-Load Analysis
9.6. 8.9.6 Results
10. Load Testing for Bridge Rating: Route 22 Over Swamp River
11. References
Chapter 9 Bridge Management and Infrastructure Health
1. 9.1 Introduction
1.1. 9.1.1 Overview
1.2. 9.1.2 This Chapter
2. 9.2 Bridge Management Strategies and SHM
2.1. 9.2.1 Introduction
2.2. 9.2.2 General Concepts
2.3. 9.2.3 Elements of Infrastructure Management
2.4. 9.2.4 Different Management Strategies
2.5. 9.2.5 Multihazards, Bridge Management, and SHM
3. 9.3 Deterioration
3.1. 9.3.1 General
3.2. 9.3.2 Markovian Models
3.3. 9.3.3 Probability Distribution Function Approximation Methods
3.4. 9.3.4 Reliability Models
3.5. 9.3.5 Load Capacity, Deterioration, and Age
3.6. 9.3.6 Deterioration and SHM
4. 9.4 Inspection
4.1. 9.4.1 State of Bridge Inspection
4.2. 9.4.2 Future Trends in Inspection
4.3. 9.4.3 Economic Theory of Inspection
5. 9.5 Maintenance
5.1. 9.5.1 Introduction
5.2. 9.5.2 Maintenance Categories
5.3. 9.5.3 Cost-Benefit (Value) of Maintenance
5.4. 9.5.4 Maintenance Inspection Automations
5.5. 9.5.5 SHM for Maintenance Applications
5.6. 9.5.6 Case Studies
5.7. 9.5.7 Closing Remarks
6. 9.6 Repair
6.1. 9.6.1 Economies of Repair in Bridges
6.2. 9.6.2 Repair and Structural Health Monitoring
7. 9.7 Bridge Management Tools and SHM
7.1. 9.7.1 Overview
7.2. 9.7.2 Guildelines and Manuals
7.3. 9.7.3 Pontis
7.4. 9.7.4 BRIDGIT
7.5. 9.7.5 SHM and Planning
8. References
Chapter 10 Life Cycle Analysis and Infrastructure Health
1. 10.1 Introduction
1.1. 10.1.1 Overview
1.2. 10.1.2 Literature Review
1.3. 10.1.3 New Philosophy of LCA
2. 10.2 Bridge Life Cycle Cost Analysis
2.1. 10.2.1 Overview
2.2. 10.2.2 Components of Costs
3. 10.3 Bridge Life Cycle Benefit Analysis
3.1. 10.3.1 Overview
3.2. 10.3.2 Components of Benefits
4. 10.4 Bridge Lifespan Analysis
4.1. 10.4.1 Overview
4.2. 10.4.2 Lifespan, Remaining Life, and Useful Life
4.3. 10.4.3 Methods for Evaluating Bridge Lifespan Analysis
5. 10.5 Interrelationship of BLCCA, BLCBA, and BLSA
5.1. 10.5.1 Overview
5.2. 10.5.2 Interrelationship of Costs: Multihazard Considerations
5.3. 10.5.3 Interrelationship of Benefits: Multihazard Considerations
5.4. 10.5.4 Interrelationship of Costs, Benefits, and Lifespan
5.5. 10.5.5 Closing Remarks
6. 10.6 Use of BLCA in Decision Making
6.1. 10.6.1 General
6.2. 10.6.2 Cost-Lifespan of BLCA
6.3. 10.6.3 Cost-Benefit of BLCA
7. 10.7 SHM Role in BLCCA, BLCBA, and BLSA
7.1. 10.7.1 Need for Accuracy
7.2. 10.7.2 SHM and BLCCA
7.3. 10.7.3 SHM and BLCBA
7.4. 10.7.4 SHM and BLSA
7.5. 10.7.5 Deterministic versus Probabilistic Information
7.6. 10.7.6 Closing Remarks
8. 10.8 Generalized Approach to LCA
8.1. 10.8.1 Introduction
8.2. 10.8.2 Generalized Step-by-Step Approach
8.3. 10.8.3 Advanced Concepts of the LCA Process
9. References
Chapter 11 Role of Structural Health Monitoring in Enhancing Bridge Security
1. 11.1 Introduction
1.1. 11.1.1 This Chapter
2. 11.2 Concept of 4Ds
2.1. 11.2.1 SHM and Deterrence
2.2. 11.2.2 SHM and Denying
2.3. 11.2.3 SHM and Detection
2.4. 11.2.4 SHM and Defense
2.5. 11.2.5 General Concepts for Site Security
2.6. 11.2.6 General Concepts for Physical Bridge Security
3. 11.3 Security-Specific Technology and SHM Utilization
3.1. 11.3.1 Electronic Security Systems
3.2. 11.3.2 Security-Sensing Technologies
4. 11.4 SHM-Specific Techniques and Bridge Security
4.1. 11.4.1 Overview
4.2. 11.4.2 Bridge Components
4.3. 11.4.3 Sensors and Instrumentations
4.4. 11.4.4 Structural Identification
4.5. 11.4.5 Damage Identification
4.6. 11.4.6 Remote Sensing
4.7. 11.4.7 Multihazards Factors
4.8. 11.4.8 Multidiscipline Factors
4.9. 11.4.9 Sequence of Events during Hazards
4.10. 11.4.10 Cost Benefit and Value
4.11. 11.4.11 Interaction among Stakeholders
5. 11.5 Decision Making: Prioritization
6. 11.6 Life Cycle Analysis
7. 11.7 Concluding Remarks
8. 11.8 Appendix: A Workshop on Security and SHM
8.1. 11.8.1 General Considerations
8.2. 11.8.2 Sequence of Events during Hazards
8.3. 11.8.3 Multihazards and Multidiscipline Factors
8.4. 11.8.4 Current and Future Use of SHM Technologies
8.5. 11.8.5 Interaction among Stakeholders
9. References
Appendix Unit Cinversion
Index